Benefits of Telemedicine

Benefits of Telemedicine Introduction Long waiting time and extensive travelling costs have been some of the most significant problems faced by the public health around the world. These long wait lists and travel costs are not only a hurdle to the patient but also to the economy, resulting in considerable productivity loss. These issues have been addressed in a number of researches, recommending various strategies and policies (British Columbia Medical Association, 2006; Adamu Oche, 2013). However, technology can play a vital role in eliminating travel costs and waiting time by implementing telemedicine. Telemedicine can be defined as â€Å"The delivery of health care services, where distance is a critical factor, by all health care professionals using information and communication technologies for the exchange of valid information for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease and injuries, research and evaluation, and for the continuing education of health care providers, all in the interests of advancing the health of individuals and their communities† (WHO, 2010, p.9). It is especially beneficial for people residing in under-developed, less economically developed or remote and rural areas of developed countries that lack basic or specialist healthcare. It is an effective means of reducing travel costs as well as consultation wait time (Ontario Telemedicine Network, 2012). Background Telemedicine is a relatively new field and has the potential to address various barriers in administration of quality healthcare and enable equitable access to health. However, cost-effectiveness studies are of supreme importance for wide adoption of telemedicine and to convince physicians and policy makers of its effectiveness. Without any information on the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine policy makers, decision maker, implementers run the risk of supporting telemedicine systems that are not perceptive to healthcare needs of the patient and which do not provide cost-effective services either from patient or provider perspective (Hailey, 2005). Most of the empirical studies on cost-effectiveness of telemedicine are either based on assumptions, weak evidence and inadequate details on study design and methodologies or narrow perception on the outcome. Whitten et al. (2002) undertook a systematic review of cost effectiveness studies, and identified several articles that met their se lection criteria. Most of the studies provided no details of sensitivity analysis, none employed cost utility analysis and no study adequately compared telemedicine services to traditionally organized health care. Thus, concluding that â€Å"there is no good evidence that telemedicine is a cost effective means of delivering health care† Telemedicine costs are mainly determined by the scale and utilization of the service. For example, if a large number of patients use telemedicine service, the cost of the service would significantly decrease. Mistry (2011) highlighted that many studies fail to define what is meant by cost-effectiveness or provide a cost-effectiveness threshold. Furthermore, his analysis defined that cost-effectiveness of telemedicine depends not only on the service being assessed, patient group and sample size, type of economic analysis and how the costs and outcomes are measured, but also on the take-up rate and the usage of the service. Cost-effectiveness of telemedicine may vary according to it usage in sub-specialty such as teleradiology (WHO, 2010), telepsychiatry (Spek et al., 2006), teledermatology (Loane et al., 2001) etcetera, as concluded by a systematic review that the potential effectiveness of telemedicine could only be credited to teleradiology, telepsychiatry, transmission of ECHO images and consultations between primary and secondary health providers (Roine, Ohinmaa Hailey, 2001). According to a systematic review by Wade, Karnon, Elshaug Hiller (2010), real-time telemedicine was cost-effective for home care but not for local delivery of services between hospitals and primary care. Similarly, in a cost study by Lamminen, Lamminen, Ruohonen Uusitalo (2001) concluded that benefits and savings attained through teleconsultations included reduction in travel costs and paperwork as well as time savings for the patient, with an addition benefit of improved medical learning. Use of telemedicine in chronic pain management has yield worthwhile results as patients suffering from chronic pain often find it back-breaking to travel long distances for treatment. Telemedicine delivered to such patients for pain management, irrespective of their geographical location, were 56% satisfied as compared to the 24% of traditional in-person clinical visits, resulting in significant cost advantage for patients and attendees (Pronovost, Peng Kern, 2009). Pronovost et al. (2009) also inferred that significant improvement on a patient’s financial budget was a likely factor for greater degree of telemedicine patient satisfaction as compared to in-person clinical visit group. Chan, Woo, Chan Hjelm (2000) in a study for cost effectiveness of geriatric teledermatology concluded that travelling to see a dermatologist is a hurdle, for the elderly and disabled patients, which can be cost effectively resolved by teledermatology. Hayward Mitchell (2000) in their cost effec tiveness study for teleradiology identified tangible benefits from patient perspective as reduced costs of travel and accommodation, need for childcare and time off from work. Intangible benefits included faster management of medical problems, reduced anxiety as second opinion is rapidly provided, equitable access to specialist level opinion. A retrospective study from 2005 to 2012 examined the cost effectiveness of telemedicine diabetes consultations and concluded that telemedicine setup was associated with improved cost effectiveness and patient satisfaction. It emphasizes that patient satisfaction was primarily related to the major decrease in travel time, which accounts to a full working day (Levin, Madsen, Petersen, Wanscher Hangaard, 2013). A systematic review on cost comparison between telemonitoring and usual care of heart failure reported that all studies reviewed found a reduction in costs that ranged from 1.6% to 68.3%. These cost reductions were largely attributed to reduced hospitalization and travel costs. It was found that 55% of the patients were willing to pay $20 and 19% were willing to pay $40 to access telemedicine instead of traveling to the physician’s office (Seto, 2008). Similarly, a study reported 24% cost saving; of cost per year; of patients using telemedicine (Zanaboni et al., 2013). Transportation savings using telemedicine have been noted in several studies- Maass, Kosonen Kormano; James Folen study (as cited in Whitacre, 2011, p.176). Thaker, Monypenny, Olver Sabesan (2013) included various costs in their cost savings teleoncology model; from one-time costs to running costs; and found that it provides considerable savings, compared to the usual mode of healthcare delivery. Savings were attributed to reduced patient travel, along with an escort, to a tertiary center, avoiding of overnight accommodation, aeromedical retrievals as well as reduced visits from a specialist. It emphasizes that the net savings are mainly due to reduced patient travel and this model can be applied to geographically distant rural areas, which require lengthy travel. Research has shown that the availability of telemedicine allows rural areas to offer a larger variety of healthcare services, improve the overall perception of healthcare quality – Ricket’s study (as cited in Whitacre, 2011, p.172) and increases equality between citizens as medical expertise becomes available irrespective of patient location (Maass, Kosonen Kormano, 1999). It impacts the economy of a rural community by reducing travel that lowers transportation costs and decreases missed time from work; increases local pharmacy and lab work and provides saving to the hospital by out-sourcing telemedicine procedures. Increase in local pharmacy and lab work has a financial impact on the local economy which is mainly because telemedicine patients do not leave their local areas to receive their original diagnosis hence any resulting follow-up work ends up at the local pharmacy or lab (Whitacre, 2011). One of the major points of telemedicine adoption is abridging distances thus reducing productivity loss and delivering high quality health care outside the healthcare center. It highlights that since telemedicine reduces the number of visits, it consequentially reduces travel expenses as well as productivity loss (Fusco, Trieste Turchetti, 2013; Deshpande, Khoja, Lorca, McKibbon, Rizo Jadad, 2008).

Instruments of Change :: Third World Socialism Essays

Instruments of Change In the Third World today, many countries are changing to become more modernized. They are leaving behind much of their traditional features and trying to become more like the west. In order for this change to take place, there has to be some type of driving force. These elements of change are: the military, charismatic leadership and ideology. One of the most prevalent methods for bringing about change is the military. In many third world countries, the military's primary mission is to quell domestic unrest, unlike the west with it's offensive minded forces. This concentration on domestic policing makes the military an effective means for gaining control of power. When the military itself takes over control of a country's government, it is called a coup d'etat. The military takes over all the government agencies and broadcasting facilities and then enforces marshal law. The people of the nation are powerless to stop the military. Sometimes, as in the case of Iran, the military turns against its leaders and fights for the people. When the military takes over, it is often led by a few rouge officers who feel that they have the country's best interest at heart. In Egypt, a few officers from the working class banded together to form "The Free Officers." These men decided to take control of power in Egypt in order to get their country out of British control. After coming to power in Egypt, the "The Free Officers" took over the high positions in government. However one man became more powerful then the others due to the power of his charisma. Nasser delivered a speech in Alexandria in 1953 in which an attempt was made on his life. Shots were fired but Nasser did not flinch and instead said, "I live for Egypt, I die for Egypt." It was at this point that Nasser became a charismatic leader. He now was free to take more control of the government with little or no opposition due to his popularity. A charismatic leader like Nasser can effect more then just one nation. Nasser became a leader for the entire third world and was responsible for many changes in his country. His affect on people was so great that upon his death over 40 million people attended his funeral and others committed suicide. In addition to the military and charismatic leadership bringing about change, a new type of ideology can also bring about change.

Change On Food Production Environmental Sciences Essay

Agribusiness is extremely dependent on specific clime conditions. Moderate heating and appropriate C dioxide in the ambiance may assist workss to turn faster. But more terrible clime alteration such as planetary heating, inundations, drouth, and hail may cut down outputs. Harmonizing the study, from 1981 to 1990, the mean planetary temperature has increased 0.48 A °C than 100 old ages ago. If nursery gas emanations continue the heating will besides go on, with temperatures projected to increase by 1.4 A °C to 5.8 A °C between 1990 and 2100. ( Richardson et al. 2011 ) Increases in temperature and C dioxide ( CO2 ) can be good for some harvests in some topographic points. But to recognize these benefits, food degrees, dirt wet, H2O handiness, and other conditions must besides be met. Higher Carbon dioxide degrees can increase outputs. The outputs for some harvests, like wheat and soya beans, could increase by 30 % or more under a doubling of CO2 concentrations. The outputs for ot her harvests, such as maize, exhibit a much smaller response ( less than 10 % addition ) . However, some factors may antagonize these possible additions in output. For illustration, if temperature exceeds a harvest ‘s optimum degree or if sufficient H2O and foods are non available, output additions may be reduced or reversed. Crops grown in the United States are critical for the nutrient supply here and around the universe. U.S. exports supply more than 30 % of all wheat, maize, and rice on the planetary market. Changes in temperature, sum of C dioxide ( CO2 ) , and the frequence and strength of extreme conditions could hold important impacts on harvest outputs. Warmer temperatures may do many harvests grow more rapidly, but warmer temperatures could besides cut down outputs. Crops tend to turn faster in warmer conditions. However, for some harvests ( such as grains ) , faster growing reduces the sum of clip that seeds have to turn and maturate. This can cut down outputs ( i.e. , the sum of harvest produced from a given sum of land ) . ( EPA 2012 ) All the job demand to hold fast and effectual ways to be solve good. In the text will speak other state utilize what solution to diminish the harm and to protect the harvest. Global heating has a serious impact on agricultural production, harmonizing to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research ( CGIAR ) research study pointed out the exposure of agribusiness to climate warming public presentation of ingestion in the universe ‘s largest of several major assortments of grain, wheat, cereal, maize and rice are peculiarly sensitive to high temperature, decreased production will do nutrient deficits. ( CGIAR 2012 ) World Agro forestry Centre main ecologist Dr. Lewis aˆ? Will Carter study pointed out that the impact of clime alteration on agribusiness in developing states, for illustration, China ‘s agricultural production, the chief harvests are rice, wheat and maize, warming irrigated and rain-fed spring wheat production decreased by 17.7 % and 31.4 % , severally, the mean maize production will cut 3 % -7 % ; ( Chiras 2012 ) warming will speed up microbic decomposition of dirt organic affair, ensuing in the diminution of d irt birthrate, execution of the pesticide will increase and widen the harvest turning season, so that non merely increase agricultural costs, and affect the safety of the nutrient. ( Cline 2007 ) Solution: straw engineering is a stimulation of dirt birthrate, non merely put an terminal to the air pollution caused by straw combustion, and flesh outing output good to assist better its agricultural production. Warming chiefly due to the atmospheric concentrations of nursery gases ( CO2, CH4, and N2O ) concentration increased CO2 is the chief nursery gas, straw as a bearer stuff, energy and foods, is a valuable natural resource, straw is the straw is non straight feed straight or accretion composting installations into the dirt in a manner, the usage of straw engineering can better dirt belongingss, accelerated adobe ripening and better dirt birthrate by impacting dirt microbic biomass and microbic communities, and alterations in dirt physical and chemical belongingss, such as the many ways to increase the strength of dirt respiration, thereby increasing dirt C dioxide emanations, and can direct compensation the ingestion possible birthrate of the dirt, the biological rhythm acce lerated dirt stuff to advance the growing of good micro-organisms in the dirt better alimentary supply conditions to advance the addition of dirt organic affair and N, P, K and other content, better dirt wet keeping capacity, hiking harvest opposition. On the other manus, the mechanisation of straw including straw chopper compiled force per unit area to field a assortment of signifiers, the whole rod characteristic is convenient, fast, low-cost and big country of aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹soil birthrate advantage ; it has been one of the more mature engineerings. ( Meng et al. 2008 ) After 1760s Industrial Revolution, release more C dioxide, ensuing in runing snow to do more inundations and influence nutrient production. For illustration Yangtze river is the highest frequence of inundations in China, one of the infestation of serious natural catastrophes, ( Wanfang Data 2012 ) so for work outing the job there are two ways, cut downing C footmark and concept dike in the Crop-growing countries, use the reservoir to command inundation. ( Luo 2002 ) So for cut downing C footmark, first is China authorities encourage mills to emission gas after Purification of C dioxide, second is authorities investing research new energy. If C footmark can cut down success, may non hold excessively many inundations and nutrient production will increase. For forestalling to cut down nutrient production from inundations, China authorities built Three Gorges Project from 1994 for protect the center and lower ranges of the Yangtze River, although Three Gorges Project has Flood control, p ower coevals and transportation, including inundation control, are considered the nucleus benefits of the Three Gorges Project. So make certain protect Crop-growing countries. ( Baidu 2012 ) When the clime alteration, it besides make the drouth Frequent happening, a batch of Crop-growing countries nutrient production sudden cut down, people can increase nutrient production for work outing the job, and there is a scientist did really good in this, he created a new sort of rice, Yuan Longping, Studied of intercrossed rice engineering from 1964, three lines back uping in 1973, bred the first intercrossed rice South High Yielding Combinations first-class No. 2 in 1974, developed in 1975, the success of intercrossed rice cultivation engineering for the big graduated table intercrossed rice laid the foundation. iZhuang 2008i?†° For increasing nutrient production we need to advance the cultivation of Yuan Longping â€Å" intercrossed rice † . Yuan Longping went to eight states recent old ages including the Philippines, the United States, Japan, France, Britain, Italy, Egypt, Australia, has been invited to give talks, Teach techniques, take part in academic conferenc es or proficient cooperation and research international academic activities 19 times. Hybrid rice go to the universe, the United States, Japan, the Philippines, Brazil, Argentina and more than 100 states have introduced intercrossed rice and we need do better. ( CCTV News 2012i?†° Internationally, the effects of clime alteration on agribusiness and nutrient production are likely to be similar to those seen in the United States and China. The effects of clime alteration besides necessitate to be considered along with other germinating factors that affect agricultural production, such as alterations in agriculture patterns and engineering. As the reader understanding from the text, some solutions and make ways are from experts, but non all of the famers have high instruction and high accomplishment to salvage the low nutrient production because of clime alteration. Many husbandmans because there was n't adequate agricultural cognition lead to cut down the figure of harvest production. Such as China, Farmers mean instruction by deficiency of fixed figure of twelvemonth 7 old ages. In about 490 million rural labour force, the primary school civilization grade and illiteracy semiliterate histories for 40.31 % , the junior in-between school civilization grade of 48. 01 % , high school civilization grade of 9.7 % , proficient secondary school civilization degree 2 % , above college civilization degree accounted for merely 0.52 % . ( Dong et al. 2006 ) If can non better the instruction quality of famers that will effects the agribusiness development. These phenomena get the attending of the authorities. A batch of local agribusiness agency has begun to action, they launch a preparation class Teach husbandmans better cultivation of nutrient, and besides reply famer ‘s inquiry about works the harvest. The agribusiness agency besides distribution of free engineering books to husbandmans about pollution-free veggies cultivation and the quality and safety of agribusiness merchandises. Through the preparation, better the husbandmans ‘ scientific discipline and engineering quality, developing they rely on scientific discipline and engineering to increase nutrient production. The authorities besides hope famers use their new cognition to make the new assortments can turn up in the different clime, and get the better of the terrible environment alteration to do nutrient production jobs to minimum. ( HNXNC 2012 )

Nafta And Mexican Trucking Problem Recognition / Ethical...

NAFTA and Mexican Trucking Problem Recognition/Ethical Dilemma What is unethical in this situation is allowing Non-United States Citizens to enter the country and operate a commercial vehicle. This is breaking the law in three different ways. The first law being broken is operating a motorized vehicle without a valid United States driver’s license. The second law being ignored is operating a commercial vehicle without a commercial driver’s license. A commercial vehicle is any vehicle used on public highways in interstate commerce having a gross weight of 10,001 or more pounds. A vehicle over 10,001 pounds means that the company and driver are required to follow regulations for the safe operation of commercial motor vehicles on US highways†¦show more content†¦It would be unfair to allow people who aren’t citizens of the United States to enter the country and theoretically disobey the law without facing any punishment, whereas punishments are strongly enforced on citizens. Operatin g a commercial vehicle without the proper licensing can land a citizen into more trouble than operating a regular motorized vehicle without a driver’s license. Commercial vehicles are far more dangerous than regular vehicles. If a person is caught operating a commercial vehicle without a commercial driver’s license, he/she incurs a civil penalty of up to $2,500 or, in aggravated cases, criminal penalties of up to $5,000 in fines and/or up to 90 days in prison. An employer is also subject to a penalty of up to $10,000, if they knowingly permit a driver to operate a CMV without a valid CDL (CaptainX3). Allowing illegal immigrants to enter the country is unethical because it allows them to live the same life we live as citizens to a certain degree. They come and benefit off of our programs such as free education, SNAP program, Medicaid, and many more. These programs aren’t necessarily free because we pay taxes on our hard earned money to support these programs. Not only are they benefiting from us, but they also pose a great danger to society. Some Mexican truck drivers might not speak or understand English well. They may have a hard time reading the highway signs. This isn’t good for other drivers whoShow MoreRelatedStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesRESOURCE INVESTMENT CONSIDERATIONS ...6 INVESTMENTS IN TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT ..... 14 INVESTMENT PRACTICES FOR IMPROVED RETENTION ............................................................ 32 INVESTMENTS IN JOB-SECURE WORKFORCES .......... 42 ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES ............................................................. 56 NONTRADITIONAL INVESTMENT APPROACHES ......... 58 SUMMARY............................................................... 67 NOTES...............Read MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesIdentify the three different roles of HR management. Discuss the th ree dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as an interface. Discuss why ethical issues and professionalism affect HR management as a career field. ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  3 HR TRANSITIONS HR Management Contributes to Organizational Success More effective management of human resources (HR) increasingly is being seen asRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages4.4 Project offices Chapter 4 9.2 Building the team (.1.3) [3.5.3] [App G.2 Building teams] 9.4 Managing the team 9.3.2 Team building activities 9.2.4 Virtual teams 9.3.3.1 Team performance [9.4.2.2] 9.4.2.3 Conflict management 9.3.2.6 Recognition and awards Defining the Project 4.1 Project charter 5.1 Gather requirements 5.2 Defining scope 5.3 Creating a WBS 5.4 Tools and techniques 6.1 Define activities 9.1.2. Responsibility matrixes 10.1 Communication planning (.2.3.4) [App. G-4] Read MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesactive learners (that is, students) become skilled at effectively using the tools, techniques and concepts that combine to form the strategic management process. The cases that follow are concerned with actual companies. Presented within the cases are problems and situations that managers and those with whom they work must analyse and resolve. As you will see, a strategic management case can focus on an entire industry, a single organisation, or a business unit of a large, diversiï ¬ ed ï ¬ rm. The strategic

Mitigating Human Rights and Security Abuses - 1930 Words

The international community, although faced with many obstacles, can do more to improve how people are treated in situations where human rights abuses could be occurring. Abuses against human rights have occurred for a number of years, most notably against the Jews in World War Two. A modern example where both Human security and rights have been impeded upon is in the context of the ongoing Syrian conflict. War crimes are widely known to have been perpetrated by the Syrian government and the resulting violence has left millions of Syrians displaced. The international community has been alarmed at the seeming inaction of the United Nations in response to the Crisis and feel that the international community could be doing a lot more to†¦show more content†¦While this is true, they were punished through forms of torture which is explicitly outlawed in the UN’s 1984 convention against torture. The Syrian governments’ violations of human rights impact upon the secu rity of the Syrian people because being deprived of basic rights and freedoms places them at grave risk of violence and harsh punishment from the state. The conflict quickly escalated to a point where both sides have now been found guilty of committing war crimes such as torture and hostage taking. The extent to which human rights abuses have been occurring has alarmed the international community and has prompted condemnation from international organisations such as the UN and NATO. In spite of this condemnation however, little ground has actually been made in reducing human rights abuses in Syria and upholding the security of its people. What little action that has occurred includes Syria being convinced largely of the back of pressure from the US and Russia to adopt ratify the UN treat against chemical weapons which it did so in September 2013 The improvements made in Syria are minute though because rights breaches continue to occur in ways which hugely threaten human security. Approximately 9 million Syrians have been displaced from their homes in the wake of the civil war which has seen the government bomb towns where rebels were supposedly hiding out. The current situation in Syria has resulted in decreased security for its people which, in turn,Show MoreRelatedThe Natio nal Security Strategy : An Evaluation Of International Relations Theories Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican National Security Strategy: An Evaluation of International Relations Theories The National Security Strategy (NSS) of the United States of America has several international relations theories interwoven throughout the document. 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Black Death Essay - 1007 Words

It started with a headache. Then chills and fever, which left him/her exhausted and reduced to extreme weakness. They likely experienced nausea, vomiting, back pain, soreness in their arms and legs. Perhaps intense light was too bright to stand. Within a day or two, the swellings appeared. They were hard, painful, burning lumps on their neck, under their arms, on their inner thighs. Soon they turned black, split open, and began to ooze pus and blood. They may have grown to the size of an orange. These are the symptoms of the Black Death, one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. It is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague, and during those dark times, it is†¦show more content†¦Would the prevailing economic and food systems have been able to support a larger group of people? In other words, would more people have meant depressed economies and hunger (even famine) for the future generation? Famine al ways spawns disease in its wake, so, that too, must be considered. From the perspective of fate, then, does avoiding mass death due to a disaster only lead to future disasters? Is the world destined to have more genocide? Is genocide then a natural, unavoidable process? Another question that also must be considered is would advances in the arts, humanities, science, and technology have been made earlier in world history, had not generations of young people been led to an early death? Are these disasters robbing mankind of the technological advances that are needed to avoid the disasters in the first place? One has to wonder, how we dream about things like hovercrafts and time travel in the future, if that would’ve actually been a reality in today’s world. The Black Death was surely a significant part of world history, and affected not only that time between 1347 to about 1400 (even some cases lasting until 1700), but also the world as we know it today. 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The Black Death or â€Å"plague† that killed thousands in the fourteenth century may have evolved into a more modern version of itself. The â€Å"plague† is known as the â€Å"Yersinia pestis† bacteria, which is a rare zoonotic disease. These diseases are spread from animal to human (Newquist 239, Adamloakun MRead MoreThe Black Death Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagessong little children sing while holding hands, walking around in a circle and then falling down. The nursery rhyme refers to the Black Death, one of the worst plagues of all time (Schladweller). Known as infectious diseases that spread quickly and kill countless people, plagues have had a tremendous affect on people around the world since the beginning of time. The Black Death, also known as the bubonic plague, is a contagious bacterial infection that has killed millions of people. With the bubonic plagueRead MoreThe Black Death. Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagesyou to a slow miserable death. In the 1300s people were struck with a great plague, which has now been named â€Å"The Black Death†. The Black Death killed off populations with just one sweep. Historians call this the biggest tragedy of all time. The question is what caused this plague and how does something like this happen? Overtime historians have boiled it down to 2 and some may say 3 explanations, which are religion, science, and humans. With the help of a book The Black Death by Rosemary Horrox I wasRead MoreEssay on The Black Death1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Death was an extensive epidemic that spread across Europe from 1346 to 1353, killing over an estimated one-third of Europe’s entire population (Medieval World 56). Although historians are not entirely sure of its origin, the Black Death spread quickly across both Europe and Asia with a death toll that augmented rapidly. The plague also had unusual and deadly symptoms, causing â€Å"panic everywhere, with men and women knowing no way to stop death except to flee from it† (Kohn 28). The chaosRead More the black death Essay752 Words   |  4 Pages In â€Å"The Black Death † the author Phillip Ziegler attempts to fully describe the Plague that struck Europe in 1338 and remained until 1665. The year of the great Plague of London Ziegler tries to give an unbiased account of the Plague by compiling information from contradictory sources. Ziegler begins the book with the Tartans catapulting diseased corpses into Genoese as the Genoese escape back to Europe. Following this, the author provides some insight into the Plague in Italy, Germany, and FranceRead More The Black Death Essay1179 Words   |  5 Pages A plague is a bacterial infection that can take on more than one form. One of the greatest plagues that have stricken mankind throughout history was the Black Death. The Black Death was the outbreak of the bubonic plague that struck Europe and the Mediterranean area between 1347 and 1351. This plague was the most severe plague that hit the earth because of its origin (the spread), the symptoms, and the effects of the plague. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Scientists and historians are still unsureRead More The black death Essay552 Words   |  3 Pages What was the Black Death, and what was its impact on European society? The Black Death was a bacterium which was carried by flea infested rats. This disaster spread across Europe quite rapidly. Much accusation for the cause of the plague was pressed onto the Jewish community. The most common plague was the bubonic plague, although the pneumatic plague also existed. This disaster caused economic, social, political and cultural havoc. Approximately 50% of the infested population died, whichRead More The Black Death Essay579 Words   |  3 Pages The Black Death The Black Death, the most severe epidemic in human history, ravaged Europe from 1347-1351. This plague killed entire families at a time and destroyed at least 1,000 villages. Greatly contributing to the Crisis of the Fourteenth Century, the Black Death had many effects beyond its immediate symptoms. Not only did the Black Death take a devastating toll on human life, but it also played a major role in shaping European life in the years following. The Black Death consisted mainlyRead More Black Death Essay1184 Words   |  5 Pages Black Death, outbreak of bubonic plague that struck Europe and the Mediterranean area from 1347 through 1351. It was the first of a cycle of European plague epidemics that continued until the early 18th century. A cycle of ancient plagues had preceded these plagues between the 6th and 8th centuries AD; another cycle of modern followed them, but less deadly, plagues that began in the late 19th century and continue in the 20th century. The term quot;Black Deathquot; was not used to refer to the

Practices in Early Childhood Education †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Practices in Early Childhood Education. Answer: Introduction: A role script guides the actions of a person when they are taking on a certain role. The role requires certain actions, has goals and may come out with specific expectations. Teacher Maya is working from an unexamined teacher script of assisting children to follow routines so that they get into the next planned activity. The teacher wants to ensure that the children have enough time for play. Teacher Mayas approach contributes towards development of a thinking culture in various ways as she focuses on time and schedule (Curtis Carter, 2017). In her mind, she wants to assist the children develop a certain routine. When children get used to a certain routine, it will enhance their thinking culture, as children will have a clearer understanding of their world and this will enable them to feel more secure. The regular schedule will lead the children to organize their lives in a better manner (Campbell Jobling, 2012). Young children who already predict an outcome are more positive in th emselves and their world. They will not encounter unfamiliar roles, when they are not ready. Teacher Mayas script will assist the children to make simple predictions and therefore understand concepts like before and after. The children will also develop self-discipline, as they will know that they have to wait until a particular time to do a particular activity. In this case, children like Savannah, will know that it is outdoor playtime, immediately when Teacher Maya talks about cleaning up (Wright,2010). The children will also become responsible and independent hence perform more tasks without help. Teacher Maya is also emphasizing on the outdoor, as it will also enhance the thinking culture of the children. Playing will advance the mental representation development in children. In this case, children like Savannah will be able to separate the meanings of objects and their physical form. Playing in the outdoors will also enhance voluntary actions from children, as they will be able to sequence whatever actions they take, follow rules that they are given by Teacher Maya and learn to focus their attention on whatever is being explained or taught by the teacher. The children will therefore think through before they do any activity and this enhances their thinking culture as they continue to develop and learn new activities. Teacher Philip is more concerned about what Savannah learns and therefore takes the time to coach, as he believes in her competence. He believes that this strengthens relationships and learning with children. The process that he uses has integrated critical, creative and reflective thinking hence enhancing development of children. Critical thinking is the reflective judgement concerning what to do (Bredekamp, 2016). Creative thinking is the capacity to give an outcome through a skill that is imaginative, while reflective thinking refers to analysing and making judgments about something that has happened. Teacher Philips role in this case was to support Savannah and Kyle as they learnt how to close the sensory table. He uses his knowledge and ideas in a playful manner to coach the children. He has used his creative thinking skills in assisting Savannah and Kyle to close the sensory table. Children need to develop critical thinking skills by experiencing risk and making decisions, so that important connections are formed in their brains (Follari, 2015). In this case, Savannah and Kyle are faced with a decision on how to close the sensory table. Once they are taught, they will be able to each make a decision on how to close the table in future. Creative thinking has been adopted by Teacher Philip in the way that he suggests that the three of them work together to close the sensory table. This is a key skill for children to develop, as they will come up with creative solutions for any challenges that they face. Creative thinking brings meaningful learning to children as they get to explore different ways of sorting out challenges. Reflective skills are demonstrated when Teacher Philip reflects on how Savannah wanted to help with cleanup and he coaches them on whatever they are interested in learning. These skills are important for children as they will use them when faced with a similar challenge in future (Bruce, 2012).When Kyle and Savannah play with the sensory table again, they will reflect on what they have been taught previously and use this to make decisions on how to close the sensory table (Curtis Carter, 2017). Early childhood education is a crucial phase for enhancing critical, creative and reflective skills. Teachers should use a holistic approach just as Teacher Philip did so that they impart these skills to children. Teachers must also observe and listen to children and ensure that they develop life-long skills, which can be applied to a situation or experience in the future. References Bredekamp, S. (2016).Effective practices in early childhood education: Building a foundation. Boston: Pearson. Bruce, T. (2012).Early childhood education. London: Hachette UK. Campbell, C. Jobling, W. (Eds). (2012). Science in early childhood. New York: Cambridge University Press. Curtis, D. Carter,M. (2017).Learning together with young children: a curriculum framework for reflective teachers. St. Paul, MN: Redleaf Press. Follari, L. (2015).Foundations and best practices in early childhood education: History, theories, and approaches to learning. Colorado: Pearson Higher Education AU. Wright, S. (2010). Understanding creativity in early childhood. Mean-making and childrens drawings. London: Sage.