The Omnivore s Dilemm A Natural History Of Four Meals

Jo-Anney Yandall Food Societies Dr. Kathryn Besio The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals Michael Pollan. New York: Penguin Group, 2006. 1-411 pp., (ISBN 978-0-14-303858-0). As omnivorous beings, it seems that is both a blessing and a curse to have such a vast amount of meal choices to choose from. In The Omnivore’s Dilemma, Michael Pollan explores the majority of these options and offers a sort of guide on how to make a choice. The UC Berkeley Graduate School journalism professor takes us on an eye-opening ride with this book where we find out horrifying truths on the ingredients of the foods we eat every day and whether our choices benefit our bank accounts more than they do our health and the earth. The book is divided into three sections with each section focused on the major players in our diet in terms of where they come from. The first section (consisting of the first seven chapters) would, of course, focus the industrial food chain. The second emphasizes alternative foods, mainly organic foods and the last section is based on hunter-gatherer foods. Each section ends with a meal that he consumes and gives us his thoughts on such. Pollan begins his journey of exploring the industrial food chain by taking a trip to the supermarket. Reason being, most Americans, buy their food from such stores. During this trip, he finds what seems to be a wide variety of choices. However, majority of these choices have one thing in common: they have corn in them or

Nelson Mandel The Icon Of Power And Tolerance - 1315 Words

Mandela.. The Icon of Power and Tolerance Nelson Mandela is one of the most prominent and the most inspiring character of our time. This character became the inspiration for a complete school that teaches the meanings of the wonderful humanitarian implications and instills the supreme values and concepts of civilization. Within the adversity that surrounded, he still had the courage and determination, along with the struggle and resistance for liberation. He was a school of life. Rom Brafman, the author of â€Å"SUCCEEDING WHEN YOU’RE SUPPOSED TO FAIL, The 6 Principals of High Achievement†, discussed some researches about how people act when they are facing adversities and hardship. He pointed out to some traits, tunneling, unwavering commitment, meaning making, and the importance of satellite figure. When we read the books that documented Mandela ’s life, and specially his book â€Å"A Long Walk to Freedom†, we can simply find him as â€Å"tunneler†, a figure of unwavering commitment, who made meaning and understood the importance of satellite figure. Mandela’s life was not simple and easy; he was surrounded by adversities and hardship all his life. Brafman says, â€Å"The tunnelers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. routinely approach their lives from a slightly different perspective or angle. And that approach makes all the difference.† (p178) Tunellers look at their adversity, evaluate it, and find the solution that enables them to overcome this adversity. Mandela was a black boy born in a society dominated by the

Discuss the principle underlying the Practical Life...

Discuss the principle underlying the Practical Life exercises and how it fosters independence in children. What is Practical Life exercise? Practical life exercise means the basic everyday life, all the things we need to for daily living. Dr Maria Montessori felt that children need to be shown and given opportunities so that they learn how to do everyday living activities in a purposeful way. â€Å"The child can only develop by means of experience in his environment. We call such experience work.† – Maria Montessori Children prefer to work than to play and they can only be in their natural self, when their natural self is satisfied through work. It’s also through work they acquire concentration, co-ordination, control, independence and†¦show more content†¦Exercises in each of these categories provide the opportunity to do purposeful work and are designed to teach the child life skills, so that they may became confident to do their daily chores at home. Activities grouped under â€Å"Development of Motor Skills†, such as carrying, pouring, squeezing an d twisting give the opportunity to exercise and co-ordinate body movements of the child. Movement is very important to the child because it contributes and spiritual development of the child. â€Å"Through movement, he acts upon his external environment and thus carries out his personal mission in the world. Movement is not only an impression of the ego but it is an indispensable factor in the development of consciousness, since it is the only real means which places the ego in a clearly defined relationship with external reality.† (The Secret of childhood, 1966) The child learns to ‘Care of the Environment’ from exercises like cutting, cleaning, washing, polishing, sewing and more. They learn that they are a part of the environment and learn to respect and develop a sense of responsibility towards the environment. Also the child will gradually learn how to gain greater control of his motor movements so that he would be able to perform more complex tasks later on . Some of the activities such as washing of table can be carried out as a group task, which helps the child to be socialized. TheShow MoreRelatedDevelopmental Psychology14082 Words   |  57 PagesBASIC ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT. DETERMINE, DISCUSS AND EVALUATE THE POINT OF VIEW OF VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY AND THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH WITH REGARD TO THE ISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUOUS OR DISCONTINUOUS) * THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT: ONE OR MANY * FACTORS THAT DETERMINE DEVELOPMENT (NATURE/NURTURE) Introduction Child development has many theories with different ideas about what children are like and how they changeRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology14091 Words   |  57 PagesISSUES UNDERLYING CHILD DEVELOPMENT. 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Discrimination and Mobile Phones free essay sample

1. 1 List the aspects of employment covered by law Here is a list of the aspects of employment covered by law; The Disability Discrimination act The Discrimination Act The Sex Discrimination Act Human Rights of older people in healthcare Data Protection Act RIDDOR 1995 1. 2 List the main features of current employment legislation Here is a list of some of the main features of current employment legislation; The Employment Rights Act The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 The Equal Pay Act of 1970 The Race Relations Act 1976 The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 The National Minimum Wage Act 1998 The Working Time Directive 1999 The Employment Relations Act 1999 1. 3 Outline why legislation relating to employment exists These legislations protect workers; there safety and human rights in the work place. It protects there pay/sick pay, working conditions (safety standards) , maximum working hours, breaks, discrimination, bullying, ect. It also makes sure that everyone gets equal opportunities, 1. 4 Identify sources and types of information and advice available in relation to employment responsibilities and available in relation to employment responsibilities and rights There are many sources and types of information/advice regarding employment responsibilities and rights. A lot of these can be found within your work place, they are; Contract Handbook Policy Documents Terms and Conditions Job Description Ask your manager and they will be able to help you find these. There are also an abundance of sources and types externally, they are; Citizens Advice Bureau ACAS Access to Work Additional learning Support Lastly the internet is a good source of information, The best place being Gov. uk. Learning outcome 2 Understand agrees ways of working that protects own relationship with employer 2. 1 Describe the terms and conditions of own contract of employment Terms and conditions of own contract of employment include hours worked, pay rate, holiday entitlement, contribution of objectives of job role to care homes Key aims. Terms and conditions of employment, a statement and instructions of what my employers expect of me, also my job description. The employer expects staff to read and follow the policy and procedures that the home has, to attend all training, supervision and staff meetings. 2. 2 Describe the information shown on own pay statement The information on my pay statement is as follows; Employee My name Date The day I get paid Employer Arlington House Residential care home Department Staff N. I Number My National Insurance Number Tax Code How much I get paid before I pay tax Pay method The way in which I get paid Period What month I am paid in the tax year Year To Date Lists my total pay, N. I pay I have received or paid up to that date in the tax year Pay Basic pay the amount I have been paid before deductions Deductions Tax and I. N been paid Taxable Pay Money that attracts tax Non-Taxable Pay Money that cannot be taxed Total Pay Is taxable pay plus non-taxable pay Net Pay Is the amount of pay that will be placed into my account 2. 3 Describe the procedures to follow in event of a grievance In an event of a grievance you must speak to you manager about the problem you are having. If you are not satisfied that the issue has been dealt with you can make a formal grievance. To do this you would have to put your grievance in writing, meet with your employer to discuss the issue. If nothing can be resolved it could be passed to head office. 2. 4 Identify the personal information that must be kept up to date with own employer The personal information that needs to be kept up to date are; your name and address, contact details, emergency medical contact and any medical problems that may affect my work. This would include any holidays that you would be requesting off. 2. 5 Explain agreed ways of working with employer There are many ways of working that have been agreed to between carer and employer. This being how to meet data protection requirements, the right procedures to report a grievance, how to promote equality and diversity, how health and safety features are to be followed, procedures on conflict management, follow care plans and safeguarding policies. Learning outcome 3 Understand how own role fits within the wider context of the sector 3. 1 Explain how own role fits within the delivery of the service provider My role within the delivery of the service provider is; Getting to know clients, their interests and needs Helping clients with daily personal care such as; washing, dressing, using the toilet and feeding themselves Carrying out general tasks such as; laundry and bed making Accompanying clients to doctors or hospital appointments Helping clients with their daily activities Providing emotional and social support Liaising with family and health care providers 3. 2 Explain the effect of own role on service provision My own role effects the service provision as I make sure the clients have the best quality of life that is possible. I do this by following agreed standards and applying the principles of care. If I did not do this the client would become neglected and it would be a dereliction of duty. 3. 3 Describe how own role links to the wider sector I link with the wider sector by liaise with other agencies to provide seamless care, such as attending appointments with clients or carrying out treatment/therapy regimes set by professionals. 3. 4 Describe the main roles and responsibilities of representative bodies that influence the wider sector It is the main role of a District Nurse coming to a care home is to give medical support to a client, to monitor the quality of care a client is receiving, to offer help, advice and support. The main role of the Care Quality Commission within a care home setting is making sure the care service provided to clients is safe, effective, compassionate and to a high quality of care. They would also encourage making improvements. They would do this by making regular inspections. The main role a GP in a care home setting is to give medical treatment, asses clients medical needs and make sure the client is receiving the best quality of medical support. Learning Outcome 4 Understanding career pathways available within own and related sectors 4. 1 Explore different types of occupational opportunities There are a few occupational opportunities in the care sector, this being given the chance to do a NVQ qualifications that could lead to entry for nursing qualifications. Having a NVQ level 4 could lead you into a chance to do a Level 5 in Leadership for health and Social Care, giving you Managerial qualifications. 4. 2 Identify sources of information related to a chosen career pathway You can find information about a chosen career pathway in the health care sector by, talking to your manager, talking to a careers adviser at your local Jobcentre, looking on-line at web sites such as; National Careers Service or Gov. uk 4. 3 Identify next step in own career pathway After completing my Level 2 NVQ in Heath and Social Care I aim to do the next 2 Levels, working towards gaining Nurse training to work as a Health assistant (Nursing auxiliaries). Learning Outcome 5 Understanding how issues of public concern may affect the image and delivery of the service in the sector 5. 1 Identify occasions where the public have raised concerns regarding issues within sector Concerns have been raised by the public regarding mobile phones being used at improper times, where photographs have been taken and used inappropriately Concerns have been raised by the public a care home in Dorset. The person who raised the concerns reported very poor care to residents and had witnessed a resident being roughly handled and pushed against a wall, there are many reports similar to this that have made the public concerned about abuse in care homes. 5. 2 Outline different viewpoints around an issue of public concern relevant to the sector Some people feel that mobile phones should not be used by staff while on shift, that answering a mobile in unprofessional and is a disregard for the residence. Using mobile phones would take up an in proportionate amount of time. People feel the care giver would become distracted and harm would come to the resident, also pictures being taken could be used inappropriately. Many staff feel that they should be allowed to use their mobile phones while on shift for emergencies and to assist in their work. 5. 3 Describe how issues of public concern have altered public views of the sector The public concern on the use of mobile phones while staff are on duty have altered, as the public are more cautious of the carers looking after residence. They feel that there should be stricter guidelines and plenty for the miss use of mobiles, thus protecting the residence. 5. 4 Describe recent changes in service delivery which have affected own area of work My employer above public concern put in place a mobile phone policy, it states that staff are not allowed to used their mobile phones while on duty, exempting emergencies. There will be disciplinary action if found using one and instant dismissal if found taking a picture. The Department of Health have made available a grant for dementia homes, this grant has enabled the care home I work in to make modifications to help create an environment to help the residents with dementia reduce anxiety, distress and help people feel safe. My employer has done this by making the main recreational rooms in the home open plan so residence can always see staff. Reducing the chance of residents becomes distressed as they think there lost. My employers have also made the entire flooring one colour in the halls so the residents could distinguish these from their rooms, large photos of local scenes from the past to prompt people’s memories and making the decor calming colours.

Developing Human Resource and its Impact on Organisational Performance

Question: Discuss a systematic literature review to identify how does developing HR has an impact on the performance of the organisation? Answer: Literature Review This report will discuss a systematic literature review to identify how does developing HR has an impact on the performance of the organisation. In the modern age, human resource department forms an integral part in any organisation. The organisations have started realising the unique influence of HR department on the functioning of the organisation as the business environment has become highly competitive and complex. These days organisations compete with each other to acquire the best talented resource available(Alagaraja and Shuck, 2015). This situation has resulted due to dearth of talented employees in the market. This scenario of the business has made it necessary for companies to retain the talented pool of candidates by keeping them motivated and provide them job satisfaction. Organisations have realised that satisfied and dedicated workforce can help the organisation to achieve its goals effectively and take the success of the organisation to a very high level. Effective human resources can help the firm to gain competitive advantage over its competitor. Thus, the importance of adopting appropriate HR policies have b een realised as an effective and efficient HR can positively impact the organisational performance. The human resource department has many strategic roles to play within the organisation. They are required to be a participant in formulating the mission and vision of the organisation. They are also responsible for addressing the grievances of the employees; manage the industrial relation with the workers and trade unions, carry out unbiased and timely performance appraisals, undertake various activities to keep the employee motivated and add to the intrinsic value of the job(Baptista and LeitaÃÅ'Æ’o, 2014). They are the ones who need to take initiative to break monotony at work and handle any conflict. They are responsible of recruiting right kind of people in right numbers at right time. They need to assess the training needs and then arrange for training to ensure the personal growth of each employee. He needs to ensure proper flow of communication within and outside the organisation. Therefore, it can be said that the role of HR manager has become extremely challenging in rec ent days. An HR manager requires having several skills, all at once. Few of the important skills are, leadership qualities, innovative, good inter personal skills, negotiation skills, conflict management, planning and analytical abilities, problem solving and decision making skills etc. In an era of rapid globalisation and fluctuating economies coupled with intense competition and diverse needs of the consumers, the companies need to push its performance levels by reducing costs, improving their quality, enhancing its productivity and brining in innovative products quickly (Bridger, 2013). It has been an area of research to identify its impact on organisation performance. There are a number of literatures available which concludes that there is a significant impact of developed human resource on organisational performance and on employee turnover and it results in improved financial performance of the organisation. It has been proved time and again that if an organisation takes care of its employees then the employees also takes care of the organisation in return. If the firm treats them well and provide ample opportunity for personal growth for them, then they are willing to walk that extra mile to achieve phenomenal success while reaching their goals. Organisation s can achieve its goals only through the efforts of the employees(Cheung-Judge and Holbeche, 2013). And to do so, they need to ensure that they create a sense of belongingness and pride among its employees. Therefore, it necessitates the firms to undertake employee development programs. Employee Development does not only mean providing training to employees. Training the employees is just a part of employee development. Training helps the employees to enhance their skills and gain new knowledge which will help them to perform their current job in an effective manner. Employee development includes a range of activities. It is not only focused on the job, instead it aims towards the overall development of the employees. It focuses on the improving those skill and behaviours that will enable them to attain effectiveness in the long run (Georgiades, 2014). This will ensure that the firm will be able to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors. Development activities range across various categories. The various dimensions are as follows: Voluntary Vs Involuntary: some organisation incorporate development activities in its HR policies and encourages it employees to take part in various training programs, job rotation programs. The organisation provides them coaching and mentoring opportunities as a part of employee development program(GrublienÄ— and UrbonaitÄ—, 2014). This is called voluntary efforts taken by the organisation for employee development. Potential employees, who are expecting promotion, voluntarily participate in such activities. Few employees participate in such programs to enhance their knowledge and experience. They engage into self directed learnings and other look for opportunities to hone their skills. Formal Vs Informal: Formal development programs are organised by the company which is targeted towards the development of precise skills and behaviours and to add the specific knowledge base. Such programs may include job enrichment programs or planning a lateral move for the potential employees (Jaremczuk and Mazurkiewicz, 2014). Informal activities are not particularly designed by the organisations, but they provide opportunities for those employees who are willing to learn. Employees might participate in extracurricular activities, organised by the company, to enhance their skills and knowledge which can be used at the workplace. Current Vs Future oriented: this dimension identify the degree to which the knowledge and skill of the employees will be enhanced, which will help them to improve performance in the current job, if the development activities are undertaken. Also it determines how well they will be prepared for future challenges or changes that might occur in their current job (Javed, Balouch and Hassan, 2014). Incremental Vs Frame breaking: These are the learning experiences. Incremental learning is situations where the employee is given time to clarify his role expectations and certain amount of flexibility is there for self paced learning (Lancaster and Di Milia, 2014). Here the organisation widens the job responsibility to learn from experience. Whereas, in frame breaking is a learning situation where the employee need to have high thrust for learning and risk taking ability and be prepared for failure. Introspective Vs Interactive: Development activities undertaken by the organisations is also influenced by the amount of employee interaction required with the work environment (Li, 2014). If assessment centres are used then, an employee explores about his skills, values and interest. But when, job rotation is done to make the employee learn through experience, it requires him to interact with others. Thus, this becomes interactive. Thus, an organisation makes use of a balanced mix of all the dimensions mentioned above. They choose the mix to effectively develop their employees. While discussing the dimensions, there were short descriptions of various methods that are adopted by employers to develop its employees. There are various other methods which can be used by the organisation to develop the employees. They are as follows: Employee assessment is a common method where they are provided feedback about their behaviour, skills and communication styles. These feedbacks are provided by the colleagues, the customer and manager of the employee (Saks and Gruman, 2014). This allows an individual to identify his strengths and weakness and create self awareness about where they need to improve to be more effective. Various tools used to assess employees such as performance appraisals, assessment centres and Myers-Briggs Type Inventory is most popularly used. Proving a wide range of job experience by exposing them to various challenges in the job. To do this, job rotation, job enrichment, employee exchange programs, lateral moves and promotions are used. Lateral moves means that an employee moves to another designation with similar status, responsibility with similar pay. Only, this new position may have some challenging tasks which will encourage the employee to learn new skills and gain experiences (Shuck et al., 2014). The Development Challenge Profile has been created to identify the components that are required to be developed for managerial positions. Employee exchanges are a recent concept, wherein the employees are exchanged between two organisations who are customers to each other in terms of products and service. This allows the employee to gain phenomenal experience if reality and how things work outside their organisation. The employee can apply this new learned knowledge when he returns back to his own organisation. Formal Educational Programs are another way of developing employees. There are programs which are specially designed for working people and it is conducted for short period by the universities and other consulting firms (Shuck et al., 2014). There are MBA programs and lectures by experts etc. Now a day there is a surge in the number of such companies who offer professional courses for the working people. Some organisations grant a leave to its employees to pursue higher studies so that when they return, they can give back excellent results to the organisation. The organisation can introduce personal development plans for employees so that they are rest assured that they will also grow with the organisation. The organisations have started taking this initiative where the employer and employee generates a list of goals that both seeks to achieve within a specified period of time (Skorupinska, 2015). This encourages the employees to strive for organisational excellence while developing one self. Leadership training, cross cultural training, on the job and off the job training and many other kinds of training is another method used to develop employee. These kinds of training aims at enhancing a particular set of skills of the employee. When a company plans to engage in employee development programs, they need to communicate this to its employees. This will enable the company to get the support of the employees and they understand that the organization is concerned about their personal growth and well being (Walton and Valentin, 2014). Thus this makes it even important for companies to communicate this to the employee which will help them to develop strategy. The organisation should communicate effectively about why they want to conduct the development program. They should ask the employees that how they would like to receive the development program. The organisation shall then make sure that the sessions are based on adult learning principles. This will ensure that the participants are actively involved in the process and they are able to apply the new knowledge acquired to their jobs effectively. Applying the adult learning principle will also ensure that the program makes use of a range of learning style and that the process in goal oriented. Thus it can be concluded that the employee development programs are essential in order motivate employees and improve their morale. This will boost their performance and increase the productivity of the organisation. In the present era, which is characterised by rapid technological advancement, it is important for companies to become a learning organisation in order to survive and thrive in the long run. This will also help the organisation to communicate its expectations that they want its employee to enhance their skills in order to keep themselves updated (Williams, 2014). This will provide the organisation to gain competitive advantage over its competitor. Employees are the ones who will produce, manage and deliver the products and services of the organisation. They serve as the face of the company as they are the first contact point of the consumers. The employee development programs can have a very positive impact on the organisational productivity and performance. It creates p ositive changes at the workplace which leads to environment of mutual trust and openness. These programs also make the employees responsible and accountable for their behaviour and conduct. This will help in keeping the employees focused towards the goals and ensure that they adhere to the rules of the organisation. Thus, by studying the literature review, it can be concluded that the organisations need to provide opportunities for personal development of employees. This will yield better results in the long run, as mentioned above. The organisations have started taking initiatives to invest in employee development program.

Effective Writing - Using An Excellent Sample Essay To Prove Yourself

Effective Writing - Using An Excellent Sample Essay To Prove YourselfIf you have an impressive undergraduate degree, even if you did not receive a first or second-rate grade on your Wharton undergraduate college coursework, there is still hope for you. In order to improve your grades and achieve better personal and academic success, you can use your Wharton undergraduate college sample essay as a guide and application to real-life situations and circumstances.By using sample essays from students who are doing well academically, you will be able to identify which questions are the most pressing. You will also be able to test yourself against these samples. Some of the questions may require you to utilize a certain type of writing and you will find it helpful to read their sample essays before you begin to work on your own.You will need to be sure that you outline all of your thoughts in a way that is easy to follow and complete outlines and sub-headers to break up the writing process. The more you pay attention to the forms and components of a sample essay, the more you will see yourself. Sample essays should give you a good idea of how you will write, format, and structure your own Wharton undergraduate college sample essay. The more you study the samples, the better prepared you will be when you begin the actual writing of your own undergraduate college coursework.After you have an idea of how you will structure and format your essay, you should take the time to examine a variety of sample essays by students who have done well at Wharton University. Ask the professors of any of the courses that you have taken whether they have any additional sample essays. The best thing to do is find your subject matter, the school's interests, and your general area of interest, and then get a hold of a Wharton college sample essay. These essays usually come with a template.After you have done this, you should take the time to analyze the samples and determine which sample es says apply to your situation and interests. You can find a variety of sample essays online, and in books as well. Make a point of looking through all of them and finding a sample that matches your situation and interests. You will want to write this sample essay after you have been completing your Wharton undergraduate college coursework.Once you have written your Wharton undergraduate college sample essay, you will need to start filling in the blanks. Make sure that you remember the major points, your plan of action, and the methods that you are going to use. Your work in the sample essay should provide you with clear ideas of the key things that you are expected to accomplish. This will serve as your roadmap as you go through your final Wharton undergraduate college coursework.Finally, you should complete your Wharton undergraduate college coursework with a writing sample that closely matches the format of the sample essays you have used to get started. This will help you get the most out of your writing experience. There is no substitute for experience and you should always be prepared to prove yourself. The samples may only give you a starting point for your writing, but your own analysis of your own academic and personal life experiences will help you realize the power of this kind of composition.

Dualism Essays - Ontology, Philosophy Of Mind, Mindbody Problem

Dualism I believe that the popular or "ghost in the machine" form of substance dualism best solves the mind body problem. My views in this area have been influenced by my twelve years of Catholic education. The soul, or mind, depending on your level of belief, was a complete and separate entity and was the center of a human being. The body was an ambulatory device that the soul directed. The idea that the mind is a separate entity and that it is independent of the physical body is the central point of substance dualism. Churchland explains that substance dualism claims that the mind is a distinct nonphysical thing, a complete nonphysical entity that is independent of any physical body to which it is temporarily attached. Any and all mental states and activities, as well as physical ones, originate from this unique entity. Substance dualism states that the real essence of you has nothing to do with your physical body, but rather from the distinct nonphysical entity of the mind. The mind is in constant interaction with the body. The body's sense organs create experiences in the mind. The desires and decisions of the mind cause the body to act in certain ways. This is what makes each mind's body its own. The popular or "ghost in the machine" form of substance dualism states that a person is a "ghost in a machine", the ghost being the mind or spirit and the machine is the body. Within this description, the mind/spirit controls the body and is in intimate contact with the brain. The brain would be the nexus between the mind and body. The popular form of substance dualism was adopted after the difficulties of Cartesian dualism could not be overcome. Rene Descartes stated that the nonphysical and the physical could not interact. This became a problem in dualism since the nonphysical mind needed to interact with the physical body. These difficulties provided a motive for the move to popular substance dualism. The first major argument for substance dualism is religion. Each of the major religions place belief in life after death that there is an immortal soul that will survive death. This very closely resembles substance dualism. The mind can be substituted for the immortal soul. In fact the two are almost interchangeable. This argument is primarily the basis for my own belief in substance dualism. My personal experiences as a religion student give me insight into this argument. The second major argument for substance dualism is irreducibility. This points to a variety of mental phenomena that no physical explanation could account for what is going on. An example would be the quality and meaningful content of human thoughts and beliefs. These things cannot be reduced to purely physical terms, hence irreducibility. This is also another good argument that I can understand from personal experiences. I cannot reduce my reactions and feelings toward how a steak tastes to a mathematical equation. This is the same idea. The final argument for substance dualism is parapsychological phenomena. Mental powers such as telepathy, precognition, telekinesis, and clairvoyance are all near impossible to explain within the boundaries of physics and psychology. These phenomena reflect the nonphysical and supernatural nature that dualism gives to the mind. Because I believe in these phenomena, it seems logical to me that parapsychology is an excellent argument for substance dualism. These arguments give a good basis for a philosopher to believe in substance dualism. However there are also serious arguments against it. The first major argument against dualism is simplicity. Materialists state that because their view is simpler (they only believe in one thing- that which is physical) it is more rational to subscribe to their view. The materialist point of view is also easier to prove because there is no doubt that physical matter exists, while nonphysical matter is currently a hypothesis. This argument seems very illogical to me. Philosophical views should be chosen because one makes more sense to you, not because one has a smaller number of ideas within it. The second major argument against substance dualism is explanatory impotence. Materialists can explain anything physical through scientific study, whereas dualists can explain nothing because no theory has ever been formulated. Churchland says, "...dualism is less a theory of mind than it is an empty space waiting for a genuine theory of mind to be put in". I see one flaw with the materialist theory here. The mind in the dualist theory may use a form of energy transfer not yet discovered by science. Centuries ago, undiscovered forms